Many of the ligands for Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are unique to microorganisms, such that
receptor activation unequivocally indicates the presence of something foreign. However, a …

B cells develop from hematopoietic precursor cells in an ordered maturation and selection
process. Extensive studies with many different mouse mutants provided fundamental …

Primary central nervous system lymphomas (PCNSLs) and primary testicular lymphomas
(PTLs) are extranodal large B-cell lymphomas (LBCLs) with inferior responses to current …

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic or chronically relapsing, eczematous, severely pruritic
skin disorder associated with skin barrier dysfunction. The lesional skin of AD exhibits T …

T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are a subset of CD4+ T cells that promote antibody production
during vaccination. Conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) efficiently prime Tfh cells; however …

Mutations in DOCK8 result in autosomal recessive Hyper-IgE syndrome with combined
immunodeficiency (CID). However, the natural course of disease, long-term prognosis, and …

The life span of patients with primary and secondary immunodeficiency is increasing due to
recent improvements in therapeutic strategies. While the incidence of primary …

Pruritus represents one of the most common symptoms in dermatology and general
medicine. Chronic pruritus severely impairs the quality of life of affected patients. During the …

Abstract Dedicator of cytokinesis 8 (DOCK8) deficiency is a combined immunodeficiency
that exemplifies the broad clinical features of primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs), extending …

Primary antibody deficiencies (PADs) are the most common inherited immunodeficiencies in
humans. The use of novel approaches, such as whole-exome sequencing and mouse …