As the Anthropocene advances, there are few parts of Earth that have not been impacted by
human influence. Humans have had a long-sustained interaction with grassy ecosystems …

The evolution of grasses using C4 photosynthesis and their sudden rise to ecological
dominance 3 to 8 million years ago is among the most dramatic examples of biome …

Roughly 3% of the Earth's land surface burns annually, representing a critical exchange of
energy and matter between the land and atmosphere via combustion. Fires range from slow …

The forest–savannah transition is the most widespread ecotone in tropical areas, separating
two of the most productive terrestrial ecosystems. Here, we review current understanding of …

C 3 carbon fixation has a bad reputation, primarily because it is associated with
photorespiration, a biochemical pathway thought to waste a substantial amount of the …

Savannas are a major terrestrial biome, comprising of grasses with the C4 photosynthetic
pathway and trees with the C3 type. This mixed grass–tree biome rapidly appeared on the …

The origin story and emergence of molecular biology is muddled. The early triumphs in
bacterial genetics and the complexity of animal and plant genomes complicate an intricate …

Inorganic carbon concentrating mechanisms (CCMs) catalyse the accumulation of CO2
around rubisco in all cyanobacteria, most algae and aquatic plants and in C4 and …

C 4 photosynthesis is an adaptation derived from the more common C 3 photosynthetic
pathway that confers a higher productivity under warm temperature and low atmospheric CO …

The C4 photosynthetic pathway is a series of structural and biochemical modifications
around the more primitive C3 pathway that improve the photosynthetic efficiency under …