Cognition is defined as the processes by which animals collect, retain and use information
from their environment to guide their behaviour. Thus cognition is essential in a wide range …

Explaining how animals respond to an increasingly urbanised world is a major challenge for
evolutionary biologists. Urban environments often present animals with novel problems that …

Understanding how differences in cognition evolve is one of the critical goals in cognitive
ecology [1–5]. In food-caching species that rely on memory to recover caches, enhanced …

Cognition has been studied intensively for several decades, but the evolutionary processes
that shape individual variation in cognitive traits remain elusive [1–3]. For instance, the …

During mammalian ontogenesis, the neurotransmitter GABA is a fundamental regulator of
neuronal networks. In neuronal development, GABAergic signaling regulates neural …

Many animals cache food when it is abundant and later rely in part on spatial memory to
retrieve those caches. The importance of memory for cache recovery and fitness in food …

Across taxa, both neural growth and cognitive function show considerable developmental
plasticity. Data from studies of decision making, learning, and discrimination demonstrate …

Highlights•Cognitive flexibility varies greatly within and between species.•Better memory
retention seems to be associated with less memory flexibility.•Increased memory capacity …

The prevailing hypotheses for the evolution of cognition focus on either the demands
associated with group living (the social intelligence hypothesis (SIH)) or ecological …

Cognitive ecology integrates cognition, ecology, and neurobiology in one topic and has
recently broadened into an exciting diversity of themes covering the entire range of cognition …