The sixth assessment report of the IPCC assessed that the Arctic is projected to be on
average practically ice-free in September near mid-century under intermediate and high …

Manifestations of climate change are often shown as gradual changes in physical or
biogeochemical properties. Components of the climate system, however, can show stepwise …

The Earth System Model EC-Earth3 for contributions to CMIP6 is documented here, with its
flexible coupling framework, major model configurations, a methodology for ensuring the …

In recent decades, surface air temperature (SAT) data from Global reanalyses points to
maximum warming over the northern Barents area. However, a scarcity of observations …

Arctic climate change has already resulted in amplified and accelerated regional warming,
or the Arctic amplification. Satellite observations have captured this climate phenomenon in …

The Earth climate system is out of energy balance, and heat has accumulated continuously
over the past decades, warming the ocean, the land, the cryosphere, and the atmosphere …

We examine CMIP6 simulations of Arctic sea‐ice area and volume. We find that CMIP6
models produce a wide spread of mean Arctic sea‐ice area, capturing the observational …

The second version of the fully coupled Norwegian Earth System Model (NorESM2) is
presented and evaluated. NorESM2 is based on the second version of the Community Earth …

Arctic sea ice has been retreating at fast pace over the last decades, with potential impacts
on the weather and climate at mid and high latitudes, as well as the biosphere and society …

Anthropogenic warming has led to an unprecedented year-round reduction in Arctic sea ice
extent. This has far-reaching consequences for indigenous and local communities, polar …