Autophagy, originally found in liver experiments, is a cellular process that degrades
damaged organelle or protein aggregation. This process frees cells from various stress …

The Ras/Raf/MEK (mitogen-activated protein kinase/ERK kinase)/ERK (extracellular-signal-
regulated kinase) pathway is at the heart of signalling networks that govern proliferation …

Over 30 mutations of the B-RAF gene associated with human cancers have been identified,
the majority of which are located within the kinase domain. Here we show that of 22 B-RAF …

First identified in the early 1980s as retroviral oncogenes, the Raf proteins have been the
objects of intense research. The discoveries 10 years later that the Raf family members (Raf …

14-3-3 proteins were the first signaling molecules to be identified as discrete phosphoserine/
threonine binding modules. This family of proteins, which includes seven isotypes in human …

The protein kinase B-RAF is mutated in approximately 7% of human cancers. Most
mutations are activating, but, surprisingly, a small number have reduced kinase activity …

Serotonin N-acetyltransferase (AANAT) controls the daily rhythm in melatonin synthesis.
When isolated from tissue, AANAT copurifies with isoforms ϵ and ζ of 14-3-3. We have …

Many signal transduction events are orchestrated by specific interactions of proteins
mediated through discrete phosphopeptide-binding motifs. Although several …

One of the hallmarks of cAMP is its ability to inhibit proliferation in many cell types, but
stimulate proliferation in others. Clearly cAMP has cell type specific effects and the outcome …

14-3-3 Proteins are a ubiquitous family of molecules that participate in protein kinase
signaling pathways within all eukaryotic cells. Functioning as phosphoserine …