Arctic amplification (AA)—referring to the enhancement of near-surface air temperature
change over the Arctic relative to lower latitudes—is a prominent feature of climate change …

Time-variable gravity measurements from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment
(GRACE) and GRACE Follow-On (GRACE-FO) missions have opened up a new avenue of …

This chapter assesses the state of physical, biological and social knowledge concerning the
Arctic and Antarctic ocean and cryosphere, how they are affected by climate change, and …

The AR5 concluded that human influence on the climate system is clear, evident from
increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, positive radiative forcing …

Quantifying changes in Earth's ice sheets and identifying the climate drivers are central to
improving sea level projections. We provide unified estimates of grounded and floating ice …

Working Group I (WGI) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) assesses
the current evidence on the physical science of climate change, evaluating knowledge …

We use updated drainage inventory, ice thickness, and ice velocity data to calculate the
grounding line ice discharge of 176 basins draining the Antarctic Ice Sheet from 1979 to …

Abstract The Greenland Ice Sheet has been a major contributor to global sea-level rise in
recent decades,, and it is expected to continue to be so. Although increases in glacier flow …

Freshwater availability is changing worldwide. Here we quantify 34 trends in terrestrial water
storage observed by the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellites …

Global ocean physical and chemical trends are reviewed and updated using seven key
ocean climate change indicators:(i) Sea Surface Temperature,(ii) Ocean Heat Content,(iii) …