Green water—terrestrial precipitation, evaporation and soil moisture—is fundamental to
Earth system dynamics and is now extensively perturbed by human pressures at continental …

Tip** elements are components of the Earth system which may respond nonlinearly to
anthropogenic climate change by transitioning toward substantially different long‐term …

This planetary boundaries framework update finds that six of the nine boundaries are
transgressed, suggesting that Earth is now well outside of the safe operating space for …

The possibility that the Amazon forest system could soon reach a tip** point, inducing
large-scale collapse, has raised global concern,–. For 65 million years, Amazonian forests …

One of the most prominent climate tip** elements is the Atlantic meridional overturning
circulation (AMOC), which can potentially collapse because of the input of fresh water in the …

Quantifying the resilience of vegetated ecosystems is key to constraining both present-day
and future global impacts of anthropogenic climate change. Here we apply both empirical …

It has been suggested that rainfall in the Amazon decreases if forest loss exceeds some
threshold, but the specific value of this threshold remains uncertain. Here, we investigate the …

The character and health of ecosystems worldwide is tightly coupled to changes in Earth's
climate. Theory suggests that ecosystem resilience—the ability of ecosystems to resist and …

Central and South America (CSA) is a highly diverse region, both culturally and biologically.
It has one of the highest levels of biodiversity on the planet (Hoorn et al., 2010; Zador et al …

Human water use, climate change and land conversion have created a water crisis for
billions of individuals and many ecosystems worldwide. Global water stocks and fluxes are …