Microbial rhodopsins are diverse photoreceptive proteins containing a retinal chromophore
and are found in all domains of cellular life and are even encoded in genomes of viruses …

Channelrhodopsins are used widely for optical control of neurons, in which they generate
photoinduced proton, sodium or chloride influx. Potassium (K+) is central to neuron …

In the last twenty years, our understanding of the rules and mechanisms for the outward light-
driven proton transport (and underlying proton transfers) by microbial rhodopsins has been …

ChRmine, a recently discovered pump-like cation-conducting channelrhodopsin, exhibits
puzzling properties (large photocurrents, red-shifted spectrum, and extreme light sensitivity) …

Many organisms capture or sense sunlight using rhodopsin pigments,, which are integral
membrane proteins that bind retinal chromophores. Rhodopsins comprise two distinct …

Even though microbial photosensitive proteins have been used for optogenetics, their use
should be optimized to precisely control cell and tissue functions in vivo. We exploited …

KCR channelrhodopsins (K+-selective light-gated ion channels) have received attention as
potential inhibitory optogenetic tools but more broadly pose a fundamental mystery …

Rhodopsins convert light into signals and energy in animals and microbes. Heliorhodopsins
(HeRs), a recently discovered new rhodopsin family, are widely present in archaea, bacteria …

Microbial channelrhodopsins are light-gated ion channels widely used for optogenetic
manipulation of neuronal activity. ChRmine is a bacteriorhodopsin-like cation …

Heliorhodopsins (HeRs) are a family of rhodopsins that was recently discovered using
functional metagenomics. They are widely present in bacteria, archaea, algae and algal …