Melanoma is a skin cancer caused by a malignancy of melanocytes. Incidence of melanoma
is rapidly increasing worldwide, which results in public health problems. Primary …

Cancer immunotherapy is coming of age; it has prompted a paradigm shift in oncology, in
which therapeutic agents are used to target immune cells rather than cancer cells. The first …

Inhibition of immune checkpoints using anti-programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) or anti
cytotoxic-T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) monoclonal antibodies has …

Immune checkpoint antibodies that augment the programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)/PD-
L1 pathway have demonstrated antitumor activity across multiple malignancies, and gained …

Monoclonal antibodies targeted against the immune checkpoint molecules CTLA-4 and PD-
1 have recently obtained approval for the treatment of metastatic melanoma and …

Immunologic checkpoint blockade with antibodies that target cytotoxic T lymphocyte–
associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and the programmed cell death protein 1 pathway (PD-1/PD …

Immune checkpoint inhibition with the anti-CTLA-4 antibody ipilimumab and the anti-PD-1
antibodies nivolumab and pembrolizumab has improved survival in metastatic melanoma …

Purpose: To review immune checkpoint inhibitor indications and ophthalmic side effects.
Methods: A literature review was performed using a PubMed search for publications …

Monoclonal antibodies directed against the immune checkpoint protein cytotoxic T-
lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4; CD152)—ipilimumab and tremelimumab—have been …

Immune checkpoint-blocking antibodies that enhance the immune system's ability to fight
cancer are becoming important components of treatment for patients with a variety of …