Mitochondria are the powerhouses of eukaryotic cells. They are considered as semi-
autonomous because they have retained genomes inherited from their prokaryotic ancestor …

The aminoacyl‐tRNA synthetases (aaRS) are a large group of enzymes that implement the
genetic code in all known biological systems. They attach amino acids to their cognate …

Aminoacyl‐tRNA synthetases (ARSs) catalyze the first step of protein biosynthesis
(canonical function) and have additional (non‐canonical) functions outside of translation. Bi …

Plants produce a myriad of specialized (secondary) metabolites that are highly diverse
chemically, and exhibit distinct biological functions. Here, we focus on meta-tyrosine (m …

Gene expression involves the transfer of information stored in the DNA to proteins by two
sequential key steps: transcription and translation. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs), an …

Amino acid misincorporation during protein synthesis occurs due to misacylation of tRNAs or
defects in decoding at the ribosome. While misincorporation of amino acids has been …

Conventional gene cloning methods always require tedious processes confined by PCR
conditions and restriction sites, which might result in a large number of redundant fragments …

The non-protein amino acid meta-Tyrosine (m-Tyr) is produced in cells under conditions of
oxidative stress, and m-Tyr has been shown to be toxic to a broad range of biological …

Phenylalalnyl-tRNA synthetase (PheRS), a member of class II aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases,
catalyzes the synthesis of phenylalanyl-tRNAPhe (Phe-tRNAPhe). Hence, like other …

When the sequence of amino acids in a newly synthesized protein is not the same as the
genetically encoded sequence, a gene is said to have been mistranslated. Alterations in …