Virtually all plants and animals, including humans, are home to symbiotic microorganisms.
Symbiotic interactions can be neutral, harmful or have beneficial effects on the host …

While largely neglected over decades during which adaptive immunity captured most of the
attention, innate immune mechanisms have now become central to our understanding of …

For over 300 million years, insects have relied on symbiotic microbes for nutrition and
defence. However, it is unclear whether specific ecological conditions have repeatedly …

Microbes can be an important source of phenotypic plasticity in insects. Insect physiology,
behaviour, and ecology are influenced by individual variation in the microbial communities …

As global biodiversity continues to reduce at an alarming rate, threatened species are
increasingly being brought under intensive management or into captivity. However, current …

Nutritional symbionts play a major role in the ecology and evolution of insects. The recent
accumulation of knowledge on the identity, function, genomics, and phylogenetic …

Insects possess beneficial and nuisance values in the context of the agricultural sector and
human life around them. An ensemble of gut symbionts assists insects to adapt to diverse …

The worldwide resurgence of bed bugs [both Cimex lectularius L. and Cimex hemipterus
(F.)] over the past two decades is believed in large part to be due to the development of …

Covering: through 2014 Many organisms team up with microbes for defense against
predators, parasites, parasitoids, or pathogens. Here we review the described protective …

Development of insecticide resistance has been a serious concern worldwide, whose
mechanisms have been attributed to evolutionary changes in pest insect genomes such as …