There is increasing evidence in humans and laboratory animals for biologically based sex
differences in every phase of drug addiction: acute reinforcing effects, transition from …

Metabolism and gene expression, which are two fundamental biological processes that are
essential to all living organisms, reciprocally regulate each other to maintain homeostasis …

Addiction is a disease in which, after a period of recreational use, a subset of individuals
develops compulsive use that does not stop even in light of major negative consequences …

Emerging evidence suggests that epigenetic regulation is dependent on metabolic state,
and implicates specific metabolic factors in neural functions that drive behaviour. In neurons …

Highlights•Chronic drug use alters the epigenetic state of neurons and other cell types within
brain reward regions.•Epigenetic adaptations are correlated with addiction, but their causal …

Addiction is a disease characterized by compulsive drug seeking and consumption
observed in 20–30% of users. An addicted individual will favor drug reward over natural …

Although, it is not yet officially recognized as a clinical entity which is diagnosable, Internet
Gaming Disorder (IGD) has been included in section III for further study in the DSM-5 by the …

Drug addiction is responsible for millions of deaths per year around the world. Still, its
management as a chronic disease is shadowed by misconceptions from the general public …

Humans and other animals are motivated to act so as to maximize their subjective reward
rate. Here, we propose that reward rate maximization is accomplished by adjusting a context …

Background Around 5.8% of adolescents and 2.8% of young adults have an Internet-related
disorder. These figures underline the widespread concerns in our society regarding the …