This paper is the third in a series of reviews published in this issue resulting from the
University of California Davis Cardiovascular Symposium 2014: Systems approach to …

Synchronized SR calcium (Ca) release is critical to normal cardiac myocyte excitation-
contraction coupling, and ideally this release shuts off completely between heartbeats …

How is the heartbeat generated? What controls the strength of contraction of heart muscle?
What are the links between cardiac structure and function? How does our understanding of …

The roles of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca (2+)‐ATPase and Na (+)‐Ca2+ exchange in
Ca2+ removal from cytosol were compared in isolated rabbit and rat ventricular myocytes …

Intracellular Ca2 is the central regulator of cardiac contrac-tility. Moreover, it is becoming
increasingly apparent that alterations in myocyte Ca2 regulation may be critically important …

Over the last decade, mouse models have become a popular instrument for studying cardiac
arrhythmias. This review assesses in which respects a mouse heart is a miniature human …

Disturbed sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ content may underlie the altered force-
frequency and postrest contractile behavior in failing human myocardium. We used rapid …

Abstract Intracellular [Na+]([Na+] i) is regulated in cardiac myocytes by a balance of Na+
influx and efflux mechanisms. In the normal cell there is a large steady state electrochemical …

Sodium–calcium exchange (NCX) is the major calcium (Ca) efflux mechanism of ventricular
cardiomyocytes. Consequently the exchanger plays a critical role in the regulation of cellular …

The transmembrane sodium gradient is essential for both excitability of the cardiac cell and
the regulation of the cytoplasmic concentrations of Ca and protons. In addition, movements …