The resolution of conventional optical equipment is always restricted by the diffraction limit,
and improving on this was previously considered improbable. Optical super-resolution …

We study the focusing properties of a double-ring-shaped azimuthally polarized beam
through an annular high NA objective lens. It is shown that a subwavelength focal hole (∼ …

A novel method is proposed for generating sharper fluorescent super-resolution spot by
azimuthally polarized beam in stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy. The …

Redistributing the transverse energy flow in the focal plane of a tightly focused radially
polarized optical field is described. We develop from theory a generalized analytical model …

When the pupil filters are used to improve the performance of the imaging system, the
conversion efficiency is a critical characteristic for real applications. Here, in order to take full …

A super-length optical needle (~ 14λ) of strong transversally polarized field with
homogeneous intensity along the optical axis and subdiffraction beam size (~ 0.9 λ) can be …

Based on vector diffraction theory, we research how a radially polarized hollow Gaussian
beam can be tightly focused by a high numerical aperture lens. A sub-wavelength …

Needle beams are widely used in advanced applications due to their high intensity, high
resolution, and extended depth of focus. In this work, the generation of needle beams …

We proposed a method to design a ternary optical element in order to achieve a needle of
super-resolution longitudinally polarized beam with ultra-long depth of focus, and obtained a …

Highly confined electromagnetic fields with controllable intensity profiles and polarization
orientations are greatly desired in many fields. In this paper, we report on the generation of …