Ocean warming, primarily resulting from the escalating levels of greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere, leads to a rise in the temperature of the Earth's oceans. These gases act as …

Human-induced atmospheric composition changes cause a radiative imbalance at the top of
the atmosphere which is driving global warming. This Earth energy imbalance (EEI) is the …

Improved knowledge of glacial-to-interglacial global temperature change yields Charney
(fast-feedback) equilibrium climate sensitivity 1.2±0.3° C (2σ) per W/m2, which is 4.8° C±1.2° …

This paper describes the GISS‐E2. 1 contribution to the Coupled Model Intercomparison
Project, Phase 6 (CMIP6). This model version differs from the predecessor model (GISS‐E2) …

The Earth climate system is out of energy balance, and heat has accumulated continuously
over the past decades, warming the ocean, the land, the cryosphere, and the atmosphere …

The Earth's energy imbalance is the net radiative flux at the top-of-atmosphere. Climate
model simulations suggest that the observed positive imbalance trend in the previous two …

Between about 1998 and 2012, a time that coincided with political negotiations for
preventing climate change, the surface of Earth seemed hardly to warm. This phenomenon …

Using an event study methodology, we investigate how unexpected political events affect
climate-sensitive sectors. We find that events related to climate change policy have …

This chapter assesses the causes of observed changes assessed in Chapters 2 to 5 and
uses understanding of physical processes, climate models and statistical approaches. The …

A plausible simulation of the global energy balance is a first-order requirement for a credible
climate model. Here I investigate the representation of the global energy balance in 40 state …