Electronic waste (e-waste) is one of the relatively fast-growing solid waste streams, with an
annual growth rate of 3%–5%. Although international policies have been formulated to …

As a potential reusable resource, solid waste is gradually being used for extracting valuable
metals. In recent years, new technologies such as electrochemistry, supercritical fluids, ionic …

Smart technologies and digitalisation have increased the consumption of scarce metals that
threaten the sustainability of intricated industries. Additionally, the growing streams of waste …

Rare earth elements (REEs) are key materials for the development of renewable energy
devices such as high-power magnets for wind turbines, electric vehicles, or fuel cells for …

Recycling e-waste is a challenging process because of the complex structure of e-waste
containing a diverse range of materials. Several technologies have been developed to …

Rare earth elements (REEs), comprising 17% of known elements, are pivotal in diverse
industries. Despite their name, they are not geologically rare but dispersed, posing …

Processing-structure–property relationships play a crucial role in tuning the performance of
materials for a given application in order to attain a suitable set of optimal conditions, and it …

The waste stream of electrical and electronic equipment is three times faster than other
municipal waste streams. Recycling of electronic waste is necessary for both reducing …

Electronic waste (e-waste) is a global problem, and many countries have established laws
and regulations to promote its proper disposal and recycling. E-waste contains a significant …

Demand for electronic devices has been rapidly increasing, and the types of devices
purchased and disposed of are continually evolving. It results in increased need for primary …