The Earth's cryosphere comprises those regions that are cold enough for water to turn into
ice. Recent findings show that the icy realms of polar oceans, glaciers and ice sheets are …

Glaciers and ice sheets, like other biomes, occupy a significant area of the planet and
harbour biological communities with distinct interactions and feedbacks with their physical …

Microorganisms in cold ecosystems play a key ecological role in their natural habitats. Since
these ecosystems are especially sensitive to climate changes, as indicated by the worldwide …

Cryoconite is granular sediment found on glacier surfaces comprising both mineral and
biological material. Despite long having been recognised as an important glaciological and …

Glacier ecosystems are teeming with life on, beneath, and to a lesser degree, within their icy
masses. This conclusion largely stems from polar research, with less attention paid to …

"… a number of chapters provide excellent summaries of the modern methods available for
studying fungal ecology, along with those more traditional methods that are still extremely …

Algae are important primary colonizers of snow and glacial ice, but hitherto little is known
about their ecology on Iceland's glaciers and ice caps. Due do the close proximity of active …

Bacteriophage genomes rapidly evolve via mutation and horizontal gene transfer to counter
evolving bacterial host defenses; such arms race dynamics should lead to divergence …

Mountain and polar glaciers cover 10% of the Earth's surface and are typically extreme
environments that challenge life of all forms. Viruses are abundant and active in supraglacial …

Motivation Biological rhythms, such as rhythms in gene expression controlled by the cell
cycle or the circadian clock, are important in cell physiology. A common type of experiment …