The immune system functions in a sexually dimorphic manner, with females exhibiting more
robust immune responses than males. However, how female sex hormones affect immune …

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is an unabated risk factor
for end-stage liver diseases with no available therapies. Dysregulated immune responses …

The balance between immune effector cells and immunosuppressive cells and how this
regulates the tumor microenvironment has been well described. A significant contribution of …

B cell receptor (BCR) signalling is crucial for normal B cell development and adaptive
immunity. BCR signalling also supports the survival and growth of malignant B cells in …

Background Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) is a negative immune regulator.
Heterozygous CTLA4 germline mutations can cause a complex immune dysregulation …

Metabolism, including glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, fatty acid oxidation, and other
metabolic pathways, impacts the phenotypes and functions of immune cells. The metabolic …

The BAFF-receptor (BAFFR) is encoded by the TNFRSF13C gene and is one of the main pro-
survival receptors in B cells. Its function is impressively documented in humans by a …

Over the last three decades, it has become clear that the role of vitamin D goes beyond the
regulation of calcium homeostasis and bone health. An important extraskeletal effect of …

In addition to being multi-potent, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) possess
immunomodulatory functions that have been investigated as potential treatments in various …

NF-κB signaling is essential to an effective innate and adaptive immune response. Many
immune-specific functional and developmental outcomes depend in large on NF-κB. The …