Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa Korth. Havil) has been considered a narcotic drug for years,
barred by the law in many parts of the world, while extensive research over the past few …

Because of the problems associated with opioids, drug discovery efforts have been
employed to develop opioids with reduced side effects using approaches such as biased …

Kratom alkaloids have mostly been evaluated for their opioid activity but less at other targets
that could contribute to their physiological effects. Here, we investigated the in vitro and in …

Introduction: Surveys and case reports have documented kratom use in the United States
(US) for over a decade. However, those reports have generally not examined in depth the …

Relationships between µ-opioid receptor (MOR) efficacy and effects of mitragynine and 7-
hydroxymitragynine are not fully established. We assessed in vitro binding affinity and …

Increasing use of the botanical kratom to self-manage opioid withdrawal and pain has led to
increased kratom-linked overdose deaths. Despite these serious safety concerns, rigorous …

ABSTRACT Introduction Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) has generated substantial clinical and
scientific interest as a complex natural product. Its predominant alkaloid mitragynine and …

Ten indole and oxindole alkaloids (1–10) were isolated from the freshly collected leaves of
Malaysian Mitragyna speciosa (Kratom). The chemical structures of these compounds were …

Kratom leaves, consumed by millions worldwide as tea or ground leaf powder, contain
multiple alkaloids, with mitragynine being the most abundant and responsible for most …

Importance Kratom products, which are sold legally in most of the US, contain alkaloids with
opioidergic, adrenergic, and serotonergic activity. Millions of people use kratom to relieve …