Interstitial lung disease (ILD) and pulmonary fibrosis comprise a wide array of inflammatory
and fibrotic lung diseases which are often confusing to general medicine and pulmonary …

Autoantibodies to multiple cytokines have been identified and some, including antibodies
against granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), have been associated …

1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 An overview of the ILD guideline Since the publication of the first
BTS guidelines for diffuse lung disease nearly 10years ago, 1 the specialty has seen …

The American Thoracic Society–European Respiratory Society classification of idiopathic
interstitial pneumonias (IIPs), published in 2002, defines the morphologic patterns on which …

Tobacco exposure results in various changes to the airways and lung parenchyma.
Although emphysema represents the more common injury pattern, in some individuals …

Diffuse parenchymal lung diseases are a group of disorders that involve the space between
the epithelial and endothelial basement membranes and are generally segregated into four …

Interstitial lung diseases (ILDs), a broad heterogeneous group of parenchymal lung
disorders, can be classified into those with known and unknown causes. The definitions and …

Histopathologic classification plays a key role in separating multiple forms of idiopathic
interstitial pneumonia into clinically meaningful categories with important differences in …

An association of neurofibromatosis with diffuse lung disease (NF-DLD) has been
described, but its true prevalence and characteristics remain unclear. The objective of the …

Background Due to the small amount of alveolar tissue in transbronchial biopsy (TBB) by
forceps, the diagnosis of diffuse, parenchymal lung diseases (DPLD) is inherently …