The pupil reacts to the amount of light reaching the eye. It reduces its size when the light is
high and dilates at low light levels to allow the entrance of more photons. This behavior is …

Human photoreceptors consist of cones, rods, and melanopsin-expressing intrinsically
photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs). First studied in circadian regulation and …

Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) are the most recently discovered
photoreceptor class in the human retina. This Element integrates new knowledge and …

Contributions of the inner retinal photopigment melanopsin to human visual perception are
incompletely understood. Here, we use a four-primary display to produce stimuli differing in …

Independent spatiotemporal control of the stimulation of the five photoreceptor classes
requires a display with as many primary lights to probe their isolated spatial and temporal …

A subpopulation of human retinal ganglion cells contains the melanopsin photopigment,
allowing them to act as a fifth photoreceptor class. These ganglion cells project to the visual …

The intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) are known to serve non-
image-forming functions, such as photoentrainment of the circadian rhythm and pupillary …

To test the potential role of melanopsin-dependent ipRGCs in surround induction effects, we
used a four-channel projector apparatus to hold the cone activity in a surround constant …

Melanopsin reportedly contributes to brightness and color appearance in photopic vision in
addition to cone photoreceptor cells. However, the relationship between the contribution of …