The present paper addresses driving mechanisms of global monsoon (GM) variability and
outstanding issues in GM science. This is the second synthesis of the PAGES GM Working …

Rainfall on Earth is most intense in the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ), a narrow belt
of clouds centred on average around six degrees north of the Equator. The mean position of …

Tip** elements are components of the Earth system which may respond nonlinearly to
anthropogenic climate change by transitioning toward substantially different long‐term …

Earth's tropical and subtropical rainbands, such as Intertropical Convergence Zones (ITCZs)
and monsoons, are complex systems, governed by both large‐scale constraints on the …

This article provides a comprehensive review of the global monsoon that encompasses
findings from studies of both modern monsoons and paleomonsoons. We introduce a …

Reconstructing the history of tropical hydroclimates has been difficult, particularly for the
Amazon basin—one of Earth's major centres of deep atmospheric convection,. For example …

Precise characterization of hydroclimate variability in Amazonia on various timescales is
critical to understanding the link between climate change and biodiversity. Here we present …

A major puzzle of paleoclimatology is why, after a long interval of cooling climate, each late
Quaternary ice age ended with a relatively short warming leg called a termination. We here …

A 5-year-resolution absolute-dated oxygen isotope record from Dongge Cave, southern
China, provides a continuous history of the Asian monsoon over the past 9000 years …

Over the past 3.5 million years, there have been several intervals when climate conditions
were warmer than during the pre-industrial Holocene. Although past intervals of warming …