Fear extinction is a phenomenon that involves a gradual reduction in conditioned fear
responses through repeated exposure to fear-inducing cues. Functional brain connectivity …

This article is part of a Special Issue “SBN 2014”. Women are more vulnerable to stress-and
fear-based disorders, such as anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder. Despite the …

Emotional arousal enhances perception and memory of high-priority information but impairs
processing of other information. Here, we propose that, under arousal, local glutamate levels …

Questions of how altered functioning of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis
contribute to the development and maintenance of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) …

Why do only some individuals develop pathological anxiety following adverse events? Fear
acquisition, extinction and return of fear paradigms serve as experimental learning models …

Extensive research has identified stereotypic behavioral and biological abnormalities in post-
traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), such as heightened autonomic activity, an exaggerated …

Fear motivates different types of defensive behaviors. These behaviors are, however, not
mere byproducts of fear. In this review, we highlight a bi-directional relationship between …

BackgroundCortisol plays a multifaceted role in major depression disorder (MDD). Diurnal
rhythms are disturbed, there is increased resistance to the feedback action of …

Neuroticism (N) is believed to reflect a stable disposition involving specific biological and
psychological mechanisms that produce its robust association with psychopathology. The …

Recent rodent studies suggest that gonadal hormones influence extinction of conditioned
fear. Here we investigated sex differences in, and the influence of estradiol and …