Antibiotics are the pivotal pillar of contemporary healthcare and have contributed towards its
advancement over the decades. Antibiotic resistance emerged as a critical warning to public …

Proteins are molecular machines composed of complex, highly connected amino acid
networks. Their functional optimization requires the reorganization of these intramolecular …

Fitness landscape theory predicts that rugged landscapes with multiple peaks impair
Darwinian evolution, but experimental evidence is limited. In this study, we used genome …

How complex are the rules by which a protein's sequence determines its function? High-
order epistatic interactions among residues are thought to be pervasive, suggesting an …

Epistasis, the non-additive effect of mutations, can provide combinatorial improvements to
enzyme activity that substantially exceed the gains from individual mutations. Yet the …

Bacteria evolve resistance to antibiotics by a multitude of mechanisms. A central, yet
unsolved question is how resistance evolution affects cell growth at different drug levels …

Enzyme evolution is characterized by constant alterations of the intramolecular residue
networks supporting their functions. The rewiring of these network interactions can give rise …

The antibiotic trimethoprim (TMP) is used to treat a variety of Escherichia coli infections, but
its efficacy is limited by the rapid emergence of TMP-resistant bacteria. Previous laboratory …

Creating and characterizing individual genetic variants remains limited in scale, compared
to the tremendous variation both existing in nature and envisioned by genome engineers …

The standard genetic code defines the rules of translation for nearly every life form on Earth.
It also determines the amino acid changes accessible via single-nucleotide mutations, thus …