The study of pain in awake animals raises ethical, philosophical, and technical problems.
We review the ethical standards for studying pain in animals and emphasize that there are …

Although the cellular mechanisms of pharmacological actions of gabapentin (Neurontin®)
remain incompletely described, several hypotheses have been proposed. It is possible that …

We investigated the involvement of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases (ERK)
within spinal neurons in producing pain hypersensitivity. Within a minute of an intense …

In the central nervous system (CNS), adenosine is an important neuromodulator and
regulates neuronal and non-neuronal cellular function (eg microglia) by actions on …

Melzack and Wall's Gate Control Theory of Pain laid the theoretical groundwork for a role of
spinal inhibition in endogenous pain control. While the Gate Control Theory was based on …

Formalin injected subcutaneously into the paw is a widely used model of pain. This
procedure evokes a short-lasting period of flinching (phase 1) and a long-lasting period of …

1 Gabapentin (neurontin) is a novel antiepileptic agent that binds to the α2δ subunit of
voltage‐dependent calcium channels. The only other compound known to possess affinity …

Previous in vitro and in vivo studies have determined that the d isomer of methadone has N-
methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist activity. The present studies examined the …

The metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are found throughout the central nervous
system, where they modulate neuronal excitability and synaptic transmission. Here we …

Rodent models of chronic pain may elucidate pathophysiological mechanisms and identify
potential drug targets, but whether they predict clinical efficacy of novel compounds is …