Genetically encoded, single-component optogenetic tools have made a significant impact on
neuroscience, enabling specific modulation of selected cells within complex neural tissues …

Spatial and temporal control over chemical and biological processes plays a key role in life,
where the whole is often much more than the sum of its parts. Quite trivially, the molecules of …

Both observational and perturbational technologies are essential for advancing the
understanding of brain function and dysfunction. But while observational techniques have …

There have been two recent revolutionary advances in neuroscience: First, genetically
encoded activity sensors have brought the goal of optical detection of single action …

Optogenetic approaches promise to revolutionize neuroscience by using light to manipulate
neural activity in genetically or functionally defined neurons with millisecond precision …

Caenorhabditis elegans has been proven to be a useful model organism for investigating
molecular and cellular aspects of numerous human diseases. More recently, investigators …

Optogenetics with microbial opsin genes has enabled high-speed control of genetically
specified cell populations in intact tissue. However, it remains a challenge to independently …

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Densely arrayed skeletal myotubes are activated individually and as a group using precise
optical stimulation with high spatiotemporal resolution. Skeletal muscle myoblasts are …

Cells are bombarded by extrinsic signals that dynamically change in time and space. Such
dynamic variations can exert profound effects on behaviors, including cellular signaling …