The innate immune response provides the first line of defense against invading pathogens,
and immune disorders cause a variety of diseases. The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster …

The immune system protects from infections primarily by detecting and eliminating the
invading pathogens; however, the host organism can also protect itself from infectious …

A host has two methods to defend against pathogens: It can clear the pathogens or reduce
their impact on health in other ways. The first, resistance, is well studied. Study of the …

Insects possess an immune system that protects them from attacks by various pathogenic
microorganisms that would otherwise threaten their survival. Immune mechanisms may deal …

Tolerance, the ability of a host to limit the negative fitness effects of a given parasite load, is
now recognised as an important host defence strategy in animals. Together with resistance …

Pathogen-associated secretion systems translocate numerous effector proteins into
eukaryotic host cells to coordinate cellular processes important for infection. Spatiotemporal …

Phagocytosis is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism that plays a key role in both host
defence and tissue homeostasis in multicellular organisms. A range of surface receptors …

A critical stage in malaria transmission occurs in the Anopheles mosquito midgut, when the
malaria parasite, Plasmodium, ingested with blood, first makes contact with the gut epithelial …

The signaling network of innate immunity in Drosophila is constructed by multiple
evolutionarily conserved pathways, including the Toll-or Imd-regulated NF-κB and JNK …

The fat body in invertebrates was shown to participate in energy storage and homeostasis,
apart from its other roles in immune mediation and protein synthesis to mention a few. Thus …