Large variability in the individual response to even the most-efficacious pain treatments is
observed clinically, which has led to calls for a more personalized, tailored approach to …

Ketamine is a racemic mixture of equal amounts of R-ketamine and S-ketamine and is well
known to anesthesiologists for its unique dissociative anesthetic properties. The …

Tryptophan (TRP) is an essential, aromatic amino acid catabolized by indoleamine 2, 3-
dioxygenase (IDO) and tryptophan 2, 3-dioxygenase (TDO) enzymes into kynurenine. The …

Background Ketamine is a dissociative anesthetic with analgesic properties. Ketamine's
analgesic properties have been suggested to result from its dissociative properties. To our …

Pain-related fear (PRF) can be a significant factor contributing to the development and
maintenance of pain-related disability in individuals with persistent pain. One treatment …

Alpha oscillatory activity (8-13 Hz) is the dominant rhythm in the awake brain and is known
to play an important role in pain states. Previous studies have identified alpha band slowing …

Distinct pain experiences are shaped both by personal attributes and characteristics of
noxious stimuli. An Individual's capacity for endogenous pain inhibition (reflected by …

Previous studies have identified altered brain changes in chronic pain patients, however, it
remains unclear whether these changes are reversible. We summarized the neural and …

Esketamine is dextrorotatory ketamine, which is an enantiomer of ketamine. Compared with
ketamine, it has the advantages of a fast metabolism, fewer side effects, and strong …

A coherent sense of self is crucial for social functioning and mental health. The N-methyl-D-
aspartate antagonist ketamine induces short-term dissociative experiences and has …