Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is a key growth factor that regulates both anabolic and
catabolic pathways in skeletal muscle. IGF-1 increases skeletal muscle protein synthesis via …

The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system plays crucial roles in cardiovascular physiology
and pathophysiology. However, many of the signaling mechanisms have been unclear. The …

The onset of sarcopenia is intimately linked with aging, posing significant implications not
only for individual patient quality of life but also for the broader societal healthcare …

Interleukin (IL)‐6 is a cytokine with pleiotropic functions in different tissues and organs.
Skeletal muscle produces and releases significant levels of IL‐6 after prolonged exercise …

The ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS) is the main regulatory mechanism of protein
degradation in skeletal muscle. The ubiquitin-ligase enzymes (E3s) have a central role in …

The role of body composition in patients with heart failure (HF) has been receiving much
attention in the last few years. Particularly, reduced lean mass (LM), the best surrogate for …

The E3 ubiquitin ligase MuRF1/TRIM63 was identified 20 years ago and suspected to play
important roles during skeletal muscle atrophy. Since then, numerous studies have been …

Muscle atrophy complicates many diseases as well as aging, and its presence predicts both
decreased quality of life and survival. Much work has been conducted to define the …

Skeletal muscle is a tissue that shows the most plasticity in the body; it can change in
response to physiological and pathological stimuli. Among the diseases that affect skeletal …

Mobilization of body reserves including fat, protein, and glycogen is necessary to overcome
phases of negative nutrient balance typical for high-yielding dairy cows during the …