The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system plays crucial roles in cardiovascular physiology
and pathophysiology. However, many of the signaling mechanisms have been unclear. The …

Structures of 70 unique G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have been determined, with
over 370 structures in total bound to different ligands and the receptors in various …

The adenosine A1 receptor (A1R) is a promising therapeutic target for non-opioid analgesic
agents to treat neuropathic pain,. However, development of analgesic orthosteric A1R …

Kynurenic acid (KynA) is tissue protective in cardiac, cerebral, renal, and retinal ischemia
models, but the mechanism is unknown. KynA can bind to multiple receptors, including the …

Camelid single-domain antibody fragments ('nanobodies') provide the remarkable specificity
of antibodies within a single 15-kDa immunoglobulin VHH domain. This unique feature has …

Activation of the μ-opioid receptor (μOR) is responsible for the efficacy of the most effective
analgesics. To shed light on the structural basis for μOR activation, here we report a 2.1 Å X …

Membrane proteins play a most important part in metabolism, signaling, cell motility,
transport, development, and many other biochemical and biophysical processes which …

Biological membranes are tricky to investigate. They are complex in terms of molecular
composition and structure, functional over a wide range of time scales, and characterized by …

G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are key cell-surface proteins that transduce external
environmental cues into biochemical signals across the membrane. GPCRs are intrinsically …

G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are physiologically important membrane proteins that
sense signalling molecules such as hormones and neurotransmitters, and are the targets of …