Snake venoms are mixtures of toxins that vary extensively between and within snake
species. This variability has serious consequences for the management of the world's 1.8 …

Animal venoms have evolved over millions of years for prey capture and defense from
predators and rivals. Snake venoms, in particular, have evolved a wide diversity of peptides …

Snakebite envenoming is a major global public health concern for which improved therapies
are urgently needed. The antigenic diversity present in snake venom toxins from various …

Spiders are diverse, predatory arthropods that have inhabited Earth for around 400 million
years. They are well known for their complex venom systems that are used to overpower …

Background Snakebite in India causes the highest annual rates of death (46,000) and
disability (140,000) than any other country. Antivenom is the mainstay treatment of …

Nature endowed snakes with a lethal secretion known as venom, which has been fine-tuned
over millions of years of evolution. Snakes utilize venom to subdue their prey and to survive …

Background Snake venom composition is dictated by various ecological and environmental
factors, and can exhibit dramatic variation across geographically disparate populations of …

Animal venoms are theorized to evolve under the significant influence of positive Darwinian
selection in a chemical arms race scenario, where the evolution of venom resistance in prey …

Many issues and complications in treating snakebite are a result of poor human social,
economic and clinical intervention and management. As such, there is scope for significant …

Sea anemones produce venoms of exceptional molecular diversity, with at least 17 different
molecular scaffolds reported to date. These venom components have traditionally been …