In this article we review the biological effects of Al, primarily with respect to the chemical
factors controlling Al bioavailability and toxicity, and how its biological effects are best …

In the 1980s and 1990s, it became increasingly clear that changes in external nutrient loads
alone could not entirely explain the severe eutrophication of surface waters in the …

This paper presents definitions of concepts related to speciation of elements, more
particularly speciation analysis and chemical species. Fractionation is distinguished from …

This chapter discusses a very few of thousands of toxicants now present in natural waters.
The gills of a fish constitute a multifunctional organ (respiration, ionoregulation, acid-base …

Streams affected by acid mine drainage (AMD) are highly stressed ecosystems and occur
worldwide. These streams typically have low pH, high concentrations of dissolved metals …

In this article a new theory is presented, whereby the process of aluminium polymerization is
a mechanism of acute toxicity of aluminium to fish, as opposed to precipitation of solid Al …

Aluminum (Al) is the third most common mineral and the most common metal in Earth's crust,
accounting for approximately 8.1% of the crust by weight. Thus, it cannot be considered a …

This chapter provides an overview of the hydrolytic reactions of Al in aqueous solutions and
presents the salient features of polynuclear Al structures. It evaluates current methods of …

Silver nanoparticles (Ag-NP) are components in numerous commercial products and are
discharged into the environment in quantities that are largely unknown. In the present study …

This article is a state-of-the-art review about such metals as Al, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Cr,
Ni, Hg, and As in surface waters. It focuses on natural and anthropogenic sources, chemical …