The vertebrate retina first evolved some 500 million years ago in ancestral marine
chordates. Since then, the eyes of different species have been tuned to best support their …

Vision is the sense humans rely on most to navigate the world, make decisions, and perform
complex tasks. Understanding how humans see thus represents one of the most …

To increase computational flexibility, the processing of sensory inputs changes with
behavioural context. In the visual system, active behavioural states characterized by motor …

Neurons and neural networks often extend hundreds of micrometers in three dimensions.
Capturing the calcium transients associated with their activity requires volume imaging …

The jawless fish that were ancestral to all living vertebrates had four spectral cone types that
were probably served by chromatic-opponent retinal circuits. Subsequent evolution of …

The restoration of light response with complex spatiotemporal features in retinal
degenerative diseases towards retinal prosthesis has proven to be a considerable …

Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) combine direct photosensitivity
through melanopsin with synaptically mediated drive from classical photoreceptors through …

Visual neuroscientists require accurate control of visual stimulation. However, few stimulator
solutions simultaneously offer high spatio-temporal resolution and free control over the …

Mice and rats are nocturnal mammals and their vision is specialized for detection of motion
and contrast in dim light conditions. These species possess a large proportion of UV …

Mammalian visual behaviors, as well as responses in the neural systems underlying these
behaviors, are driven by luminance and color contrast. With constantly improving tools for …