The basal ganglia and the cerebellum are considered to be distinct subcortical systems that
perform unique functional operations. The outputs of the basal ganglia and the cerebellum …

The “basal ganglia” refers to a group of subcortical nuclei responsible primarily for motor
control, as well as other roles such as motor learning, executive functions and behaviors …

The roles of the basal ganglia (BG) in motor control are much debated. Many influential
hypotheses have grown from studies in which output signals of the BG were not blocked, but …

Tourette syndrome (TS) is characterized by tics, sensorimotor gating deficiencies, and
abnormalities of cortico-basal ganglia circuits. A mutation in histidine decarboxylase (Hdc) …

Functional stereotaxy was introduced in the late 1940s to reduce the morbidity of lobotomy
in psychiatric disease by using more focal lesions. The advent of neuroleptics led to a drastic …

Historically, Parkinson's disease (PD) was defined as a pure movement disorder. Currently,
it is widely accepted that this disease is also characterized by nonmotor signs, such as …

Tourette syndrome (TS) is a common, chronic neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by the
presence of fluctuating motor and phonic tics. The typical age of onset is∼ 5–7 years, and …

Basal ganglia circuits are essential for the organization and execution of voluntary actions.
Within the striatum, fast-spiking interneurons (FSIs) are thought to tightly regulate the activity …

Circuit models of basal ganglia function and dysfunction have undergone significant
changes over time. The previous view that the basal ganglia are centers in which massive …

The basal ganglia network serves to integrate information about context, actions, and
outcomes to shape the behavior of an animal based on its past experience. Clinically, the …