Upcoming and planned experiments combining increasingly intense lasers and energetic
particle beams will access new regimes of nonlinear, relativistic, quantum effects. This …

We give an overview of the theory for generalized parton distributions. Topics covered are
their general properties and physical interpretation, the possibility to explore the three …

We construct the Lagrangian for an effective theory of highly energetic quarks with energy Q,
interacting with collinear and soft gluons. This theory has two low energy scales, the …

The most non-trivial of the established microscopic theories of physics is quantum
chromodynamics, QCD, the theory of the strong interaction. A critical link between theory …

Quantum Chromodynamics, the theory of quarks and gluons, whose interactions can be
described by a local SU (3) gauge symmetry with charges called “color quantum numbers” …

We review the present theoretical and empirical knowledge for α s, the fundamental
coupling underlying the interactions of quarks and gluons in Quantum Chromodynamics …

We discuss our present knowledge of α s, the fundamental running coupling or effective
charge of Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD). A precise understanding of the running of α s …

There are two mass generating mechanisms in the standard model of particle physics (SM).
One is related to the Higgs boson and fairly well understood. The other is embedded in …

Heavy-ion collisions at BNL's Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider and CERN's Large Hadron
Collider provide strong evidence for the formation of a quark-gluon plasma, with …

Since the parton model was introduced by Feynman more than 50 years ago, much has
been learned about the partonic structure of the proton through a large body of high-energy …