Chronic (continuous, non-interrupted) hypoxia and cycling (intermittent, transient) hypoxia
are two types of hypoxia occurring in malignant tumors. They are both associated with the …

Background Tumors are highly plastic metabolic entities composed of cancer and host cells
that can adopt different metabolic phenotypes. For energy production, cancer cells may use …

Glutamine metabolism provides synergistic support for macrophage activation and elicitation
of desirable immune responses; however, the underlying mechanisms regulated by …

Immunological niches are focal sites of immune activity that can have varying
microenvironmental features. Hypoxia is a feature of physiological and pathological …

Hypoxia is an integral component of the tumor microenvironment. Either as chronic or
cycling hypoxia, it exerts a similar effect on cancer processes by activating hypoxia-inducible …

The key regulators of the transcriptional response to hypoxia and inflammation (hypoxia
inducible factor, HIF, and nuclear factor-kappa B, NF-κB, respectively) are evolutionarily …

Besides its important role in embryonic development and homeostatic self-renewal in adult
tissues, Wnt/β-catenin signaling exerts both anti-inflammatory and proinflammatory …

HIF1α is a common component of pathways involved in the control of cellular metabolism
and has a role in regulating immune cell effector functions. Additionally, HIF1α is critical for …

The hypoxic response in cells and tissues is mediated by the family of hypoxia-inducible
factor (HIF) transcription factors; these play an integral role in the metabolic changes that …

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), encompassing Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative
colitis (UC), are intimately associated with inflammation and overproduction of reactive …