Ischaemic strokes have traditionally been classified according to the TOAST criteria, in
which strokes with unclear aetiology are classified as cryptogenic strokes. However, the …

Atrial fibrillation (AF) and stroke remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality. The two
conditions shared common co-morbidities and risk factors. AF-related strokes are associated …

Importance Patent foramen ovale (PFO)–associated strokes comprise approximately 10% of
ischemic strokes in adults aged 18 to 60 years. While device closure decreases stroke …

Patent foramen ovale (PFO) is frequently identified in young patients with ischemic stroke.
Randomized controlled trials provide robust evidence supporting PFO closure in selected …

Stroke is a devastating condition with significant morbidity and mortality worldwide.
Antithrombotic therapy plays a crucial role in both primary and secondary prevention of …

One in six ischaemic stroke patients has an embolic stroke of undetermined source (ESUS),
defined as a stroke with unclear aetiology despite recommended diagnostic evaluation. The …

Patent foramen ovale (PFO) is frequently identified in young patients with cryptogenic
ischaemic stroke. Potential stroke mechanisms include paradoxical embolism from a venous …

Background: The main randomized trials evaluating patent foramen ovale (PFO) closure
after a presumed PFO-associated stroke excluded patients older than 60 years. We aimed to …

About 300 million adults undergo non-cardiac surgery annually. Although, in this setting, the
incidence of perioperative stroke is low, the absolute number of patients experiencing a …

Importance The Patent Foramen Ovale (PFO)–Associated Stroke Causal Likelihood
classification system combines information regarding noncardiac patient features (vascular …