Placebo and Nocebo Effects Placebo and nocebo effects (effects of patients' positive and
negative expectations) are powerful and pervasive in clinical practice. Neurobiologic …

For many years, placebos have been defined by their inert content and their use as controls
in clinical trials and treatments in clinical practice. Recent research shows that placebo …

Humans are a puzzling species. On the one hand, we struggle to survive on our own in the
wild, often failing to overcome even basic challenges, like obtaining food, building shelters …

Placebo effects are notable demonstrations of mind–body interactions,. During pain
perception, in the absence of any treatment, an expectation of pain relief can reduce the …

Modern medicine has progressed in parallel with the advancement of biochemistry,
anatomy, and physiology. By using the tools of modern medicine, the physician today can …

Placebo effects constitute a major part of treatment success in medical interventions. The
nocebo effect also has a major impact, as it accounts for a significant proportion of the …

Pharmacological strategies for pain management have primarily focused on dampening
ascending neurotransmission and on opioid receptor–mediated therapies. Little is known …

The placebo effect has often been considered a nuisance in basic and particularly clinical
research. This view has gradually changed in recent years due to deeper insight into the …

Although placebos have long been considered a nuisance in clinical research, today they
represent an active and productive field of research and, because of the involvement of …

Pain is highly modifiable by psychological factors, including expectations. However, pain is
a complex phenomenon, and expectations may work by influencing any number of …