Animal behavior was classically considered to be determined exclusively by neuronal
activity, whereas surrounding glial cells such as astrocytes played only supportive roles …

Visceral hypersensitivity, a common clinical manifestation of irritable bowel syndrome, may
contribute to the development of chronic visceral pain, which is a major challenge for both …

Pain involves both sensory and affective elements. An aspect of the affective dimension of
pain is its sustained unpleasantness, characterized by emotional feelings. Pain results from …

The basolateral amygdala (BLA) is one of the key brain areas involved in aversive learning,
especially fear memory formation. Studies of aversive learning in the BLA have largely …

Cognitive impairment is a common comorbidity of chronic pain, significantly disrupting
patients' quality of life. Despite this comorbidity being clinically recognized, the underlying …

Most gastrointestinal diseases and disorders (GIDD) are associated with depression,
anxiety, and cognitive dysfunction. This suggests that shared features of GIDD, particularly …

Human brain imaging studies have revealed the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) as a key
brain region for mediating visceral-pain-cognitive interactions. Recently, we characterized …

Visceral pain is a complex and heterogeneous pain condition that is often associated with
pain-related negative emotional states, including anxiety and depression, and can exert …

Memory is a dynamic brain function that is continually processed after encoding. Although
psychologic concepts of mental schema are now well established, they have rarely been …

Abdominal pain, including visceral pain, is prevalent in functional gastrointestinal (GI)
disorders (FGIDs), affecting the overall quality of a patient's life. Neural circuits in the brain …