The red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum has emerged as an important insect model system
for a variety of topics. With respect to studying gene function, it is second only to the vinegar …

The rise of arthropods is a decisive event in the history of life. Likely the first animals to have
established themselves on land and in the air, arthropods have pervaded nearly all …

Animal bodies are composed of cell types with unique expression programs that implement
their distinct locations, shapes, structures, and functions. Based on these properties, cell …

Complex behaviors depend on the precise developmental specification of neuronal circuits,
but the relationship between genetic programs for neural development, circuit structure, and …

The evolutionary origin of the nervous system has been a matter of long-standing debate.
This is due to the different perspectives taken. Earlier studies addressed nervous system …

Apical organs are relatively simple larval nervous systems. The extent to which apical
organs are evolutionarily related to the more complex nervous systems of other animals …

Gene expression has been employed for homologizing body regions across bilateria. The
molecular comparison of vertebrate and fly brains has led to a number of disputed homology …

Fossils provide insights into how organs may have diversified over geological time. 1
However, diversification already accomplished early in evolution can obscure ancestral …

Insect brains are formed by conserved sets of neural lineages whose fibers form cohesive
bundles with characteristic projection patterns. Within the brain neuropil, these bundles …

The evolutionary origin of the vertebrate brain remains a major subject of debate, as its
development from a dorsal tubular neuroepithelium is unique to chordates. To shed light on …