The discovery of alternative signaling pathways that regulate cell death has revealed
multiple strategies for promoting cell death with diverse consequences at the tissue and …

More than 32 species of sea anemones have been reported to produce lethal cytolytic
peptides and proteins. Based on their primary structure and functional properties, cytolysins …

Pore-forming toxins (PFT) are water-soluble proteins that possess the remarkable ability to
self-assemble on the membrane of target cells, where they form pores causing cell damage …

Recent research has provided an abundance of new information on membrane
biochemistry. Now more than ever, it is essential to update our current understanding of …

Sticholysin II (StnII) is a pore-forming protein (PFP) produced by the sea anemone
Stichodactyla helianthus. We found out that StnII exists in a monomeric soluble state but …

Pore-forming proteins (PFPs) interact with lipid bilayers to compromise membrane integrity.
Many PFPs function by inserting a ring of oligomerized subunits into the bilayer to form a …

Sea anemones produce venoms of exceptional molecular diversity, with at least 17 different
molecular scaffolds reported to date. These venom components have traditionally been …

RsAFP2 (Raphanus sativus antifungal peptide 2), an antifungal plant defensin isolated from
seed of R. sativus, interacts with glucosylceramides (GlcCer) in membranes of susceptible …

Structural, compositional, and material (elastic) properties of lipid bilayers exert strong
influences on the interactions of water-soluble proteins and peptides with membranes, the …

Actinoporins (APs) from sea anemones are~ 20 kDa pore forming toxins with a β-sandwich
structure flanked by two α-helices. The molecular mechanism of APs pore formation is …