Nitrogen (N) is used in many of life's fundamental biomolecules, and it is also a participant in
environmental redox chemistry. Biogeochemical processes control the amount and form of N …

The deep ocean below 200 m water depth is the least observed, but largest habitat on our
planet by volume and area. Over 150 years of exploration has revealed that this dynamic …

This chapter addresses the biogeochemical cycles of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4),
and nitrous oxide (N2O). The three greenhouse gases have increased in the atmosphere …

The “biological pump” is the process by which photosynthetically-produced organic matter in
the ocean descends from the surface layer to depth by a combination of sinking particles …

Microbial activity is a fundamental component of oceanic nutrient cycles. Photosynthetic
microbes, collectively termed phytoplankton, are responsible for the vast majority of primary …

The authors assess the uptake, transport, and storage of oceanic anthropogenic carbon and
heat over the period 1861–2005 in a new set of coupled carbon–climate Earth system …

Ecosystem productivity in coastal ocean upwelling systems is threatened by climate change.
Increases in spring and summer upwelling intensity, and associated increases in the rate of …

Ocean ecosystems have responded and will continue to respond to climate changes of
different rates, magnitudes, and durations (virtually certain). Human societies depend on …

Temperature and nutrient supply interactively control phytoplankton growth and productivity,
yet the role of these drivers together still has not been determined experimentally over large …

The responses of carbon dioxide (CO 2) and other climate variables to an emission pulse of
CO 2 into the atmosphere are often used to compute the Global Warming Potential (GWP) …