Following pulmonary inflammation, leukocytes that infiltrate the lung often assemble into
structures known as inducible Bronchus-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (iBALT). Like …

Two types of adaptive immune strategies are known to have evolved in vertebrates: the VLR-
based system, which is present in jawless organisms and is mediated by VLRA and VLRB …

Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of in ovo administration of
FloraMax®-B11 (FM) on Marek's disease (MD) herpesvirus of turkeys (HVT) vaccine …

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is an avian paramyxovirus that causes major economic
losses to the poultry industry around the world, with NDV pathogenicity varying due to strain …

Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli is a current problem in the poultry industry, causing
mortality and economic losses. This paper evaluates the dynamics in immune response after …

As the main mucosal immune inductive site of nasal cavity, nasal-associated lymphoid
tissue (NALT) plays an important role in both antigen recognition and immune activation …

Acute phase proteins (APP) are plasma proteins that can modify their expression in
response to inflammation caused by tissue injury, infections, immunological disorders or …

Migratory birds are major reservoirs for avian influenza viruses (AIV), which can be
transmitted to poultry and mammals. The H9N2 subtype of AIV has become prevalent in …

Among the extant air‐breathing vertebrates, the avian respiratory system is structurally the
most complex and functionally the most efficient gas exchanger. Having been investigated …

Mycoplasma gallisepticum is one of the smallest self-replicating organisms. It causes
chronic respiratory disease, leading to significant economic losses in poultry industry …