The prefrontal cortex (PFC) has emerged as one of the regions most consistently impaired in
major depressive disorder (MDD). Although functional and structural PFC abnormalities …

Abstract Concepts of cognitive control (CC) and executive function (EF) are defined in terms
of their relationships with goal-directed behavior versus habits and controlled versus …

It is well established that stress has a major impact on memory, driven by the concerted
action of various stress mediators on the brain. Recent years, however, have seen …

Compulsion is a cardinal symptom of drug addiction (severe substance use disorder).
However, compulsion is observed in only a small proportion of individuals who repeatedly …

The striatum is essential for learning which actions lead to reward and for implementing
those actions. Decades of experimental and theoretical work have led to several influential …

The cortico–basal ganglia–thalamo–cortical loop is one of the fundamental network motifs in
the brain. Revealing its structural and functional organization is critical to understanding …

Obsessive-compulsive disorder is a severe and disabling psychiatric disorder that presents
several challenges for neuroscience. Recent advances in its genetic and developmental …

Animals make predictions to guide their behavior and update those predictions through
experience. Transient increases in dopamine (DA) are thought to be critical signals for …

The emergence of powerful artificial intelligence (AI) is defining new research directions in
neuroscience. To date, this research has focused largely on deep neural networks trained …

Aberrant patterns of brain functional connectivity in the default mode network (DMN) have
been observed across different classes of substance use disorder (SUD) and are associated …