Very rapidly after Varroa destructor invaded apiaries of Apis mellifera, the devastating effect
of this mite prompted an active research effort to understand and control this parasite. Over a …

The importance of pollination services by honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) and their products is
well-known. However, honey bee colonies currently face many challenges. These …

This paper covers measures of field colony strength, by which we mean population
measures of adult bees and brood. There are generally two contexts in which an investigator …

Methods are described for working with Nosema apis and Nosema ceranae in the field and
in the laboratory. For fieldwork, different sampling methods are described to determine …

Here we cover a wide range of methods currently in use and recommended in modern
queen rearing, selection and breeding. The recommendations are meant to equally serve as …

A variety of methods are used in honey bee research and differ depending on the level at
which the research is conducted. On an individual level, the handling of individual honey …

All species need to reproduce to maintain viable populations, but heat stress kills sperm
cells across the animal kingdom and rising frequencies of heat waves are a threat to …

Background In spite of the implementation of control strategies in honey bee (Apis mellifera)
kee**, the invasive parasitic mite Varroa destructor remains one of the main causes of …

The European honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) is used as a model organism in studies of the
molecular and neural mechanisms underlying social behaviors and/or advanced brain …

Background Honey bee gut microbiota transmitted via social interactions are beneficial to
the host health. Although the microbial community is relatively stable, individual variations …