In vivo two-photon calcium imaging (2PCI) is a technique used for recording neuronal
activity in the intact brain. It is based on the principle that, when neurons fire action …

Optogenetics ushered in a revolution in how neuroscientists interrogate brain function.
Because of technical limitations, the majority of optogenetic studies have used low spatial …

INTRODUCTION Depression is an episodic form of mental illness, yet the circuit-level
mechanisms driving the induction, remission, and recurrence of depressive episodes over …

Neurons have diverse molecular, morphological, connectional and functional properties. We
believe that the only realistic way to manage this complexity—and thereby pave the way for …

Genetically encoded fluorescent voltage indicators are ideally suited to reveal the
millisecond-scale interactions among and between targeted cell populations. However …

Recent progress in fluorescence imaging allows neuroscientists to observe the dynamics of
thousands of individual neurons, identified genetically or by their connectivity, across …

Since the introduction of calcium imaging to monitor neuronal activity with single-cell
resolution, optical imaging methods have revolutionized neuroscience by enabling …

Circuits in the cerebral cortex consist of thousands of neurons connected by millions of
synapses. A precise understanding of these local networks requires relating circuit activity …

The adolescent brain is more “plastic” than it will ever be again, capable of remarkable
adaptability in light of the many social, physical, sexual, and intellectual challenges that this …

Calcium imaging is a versatile experimental approach capable of resolving single neurons
with single-cell spatial resolution in the brain. Electrophysiological recordings provide high …