The discovery of chemosynthetic ecosystems at deep-sea hydrothermal vents in 1977
changed our view of biology. Chemosynthetic bacteria and archaea form the foundation of …

The industrialization of the deep sea is expanding worldwide. Increasing oil and gas
exploration activities in the absence of sufficient baseline data in deep-sea ecosystems has …

The ocean is a key component of the Earth system (Chapter 1) as it provides essential life
supporting services (Inniss et al. 2017). For example, it stores heat trapped in the …

A comprehensive understanding of the deep-sea environment and mining's likely impacts is
necessary to assess whether and under what conditions deep-seabed mining operations …

The deep sea (> 200 m depth) encompasses> 95% of the world's ocean volume and
represents the largest and least explored biome on Earth (< 0.0001% of ocean surface), yet …

Sedimentary habitats cover most of the ocean bottom and therefore constitute the largest
single ecosystem on Earth in spatial coverage. The benthic ecosystem contributes to human …

Three decades after the discovery of cold seep systems, various sites of hydrocarbon
seepage have been found in the South China Sea (SCS). Over the past decade, these sites …

With increasing demand for mineral resources, extraction of polymetallic sulphides at
hydrothermal vents, cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts at seamounts, and polymetallic …

Increasing interest in deep-seabed mining has raised many questions surrounding its
potential environmental impacts and how to assess the impacts' significance. Under the …

An executive order signed Jan. 27 by President Donald Trump suspends refugee
admissions for 120 days while security procedures are reviewed, though the resettlement of …