Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) is the most potent pro-fibrogenic cytokine and its
expression is increased in almost all of fibrotic diseases. Although signaling through Smad …

Fibrosis is defined as a fibroproliferative or abnormal fibroblast activation‐related disease.
Deregulation of wound healing leads to hyperactivation of fibroblasts and excessive …

Galectin (Gal)-3 is a profibrotic β-galactoside-binding lectin that plays a key role in the
pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and IPF exacerbations. TD139 is a novel …

Members of the NADPH oxidase (NOX) family of enzymes, which catalyze the reduction of
O2 to reactive oxygen species, have increased in number during eukaryotic evolution …

Adipose tissue is a dynamic endocrine organ that secretes a number of factors that are
increasingly recognized to contribute to systemic and vascular inflammation. Several of …

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a devastating disease, with a median survival as short
as 3 years from the time of diagnosis and no pharmacological therapies yet approved by the …

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a debilitating heterogeneous disease
characterised by unregulated proteolytic destruction of lung tissue mediated via a protease …

Lung fibrosis is the hallmark of the interstitial lung diseases. Alveolar epithelial cell (AEC)
injury is a key step that contributes to a profibrotic microenvironment. Fibroblasts and …

The role of inflammation in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is controversial. If
inflammation were critical to the disease process, lung pathology would demonstrate an …

Keloids are locally aggressive scars that typically invade into healthy surrounding skin and
cause both physical and psychosocial distress to the patient. These pathological scars occur …