Quantifying rates of climate change in mountain regions is of considerable interest, not least
because mountains are viewed as climate “hotspots” where change can anticipate or …

Abstract The Third Pole (TP) is experiencing rapid warming and is currently in its warmest
period in the past 2,000 years. This paper reviews the latest development in multidisciplinary …

2 Chapter 2 assesses observed large-scale changes in climate system drivers, key climate
indicators and 3 principal modes of variability. Chapter 3 considers model performance and …

We present a new version of the Met Office Hadley Centre/Climatic Research Unit global
surface temperature data set, HadCRUT5. HadCRUT5 presents monthly average near …

Abstract CRU TS (Climatic Research Unit gridded Time Series) is a widely used climate
dataset on a 0.5° latitude by 0.5° longitude grid over all land domains of the world except …

An overview of the Community Earth System Model Version 2 (CESM2) is provided,
including a discussion of the challenges encountered during its development and how they …

We document the development of the first version of the UK Earth System Model UKESM1.
The model represents a major advance on its predecessor HadGEM2‐ES, with …

Groundwater drought monitoring relies on ground observation data, which cannot be used
to reflect large-scale droughts in groundwater resources. The Gravity Recovery and Climate …

A new release of the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology Earth System Model version 1.2
(MPI‐ESM1. 2) is presented. The development focused on correcting errors in and …

Global warming is expected to change the regime of extreme precipitation. Physical laws
translate increasing atmospheric heat into increasing atmospheric water content that drives …