Innate immunity is a semi‐specific and widely distributed form of immunity, which represents
the first line of defence against pathogens. This type of immunity is critical to maintain …

The decline in the fisheries of traditional marine species has been an incentive for the
diversification of today's aquaculture sector into the intensive rearing of many finfish species …

Reptiles are ectothermic amniotes, providing the key link between ectothermic anamniotic
fishes and amphibians, and endothermic amniotic birds and mammals. A greater …

Chemokines are small proteins that control cellular migration. An extensive family of these
molecules has been described in mammals containing nearly 50 members. Within this …

When looking for a book on fish toxicology, you might find one that discusses the
biochemical and molecular aspects, or one that focuses aquatic toxicology in general. You …

Chemokines are chemoattractant cytokines defined by the presence of four conserved
cysteine residues which in mammals can be divided into four subfamilies depending on the …

The mammalian interleukins IL-1β and IL-8 are important pro-inflammatory cytokines often
used as markers of an activated inflammatory response, while IL-10 is regarded as an anti …

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a key mediator in regulating the inflammatory response.
Previously two TNF genes have been cloned and sequenced from rainbow trout …

Infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) is a well-studied virus of salmonid fishes. A
highly efficacious DNA vaccine has been developed against this virus and studies have …

Understanding how the various host cells respond to probiotic bacteria in vitro may provide
important insight into elaborate immune responses triggered by beneficial bacteria. The aim …